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Atlas Manual

Perverse Incentives Catalog

204 terms across 14 themes — every definition in the Atlas sourced from this manual, with executive examples and counter-moves.

204 of 204 terms
Perverse Incentives · Personal
'Spend to Save' Promotions

Discount framing nudges people to buy things they wouldn't otherwise want.

Perverse Incentives · Healthcare
15-Minute Appointments

Productivity targets compress visits, raising misdiagnosis and burnout.

Perverse Incentives · Healthcare
340B Discount Arbitrage

A federal mandate intended to lower drug costs for the poor became a profit engine for hospitals and contract pharmacies.

Perverse Incentives · Corporate
Acquisition Earn-Outs

Earn-outs designed to retain founders often demotivate the team they bought.

Perverse Incentives · Corporate
Acquisition-Only Marketing

Funnels rewarded for new logos under-invest in retention and lifetime value.

Perverse Incentives · Technology
Ad-Supported Business Models

Free products monetize attention, structurally aligning incentives against user time well spent.

Perverse Incentives · Education
Adjunctification

Tenure-track jobs replaced by low-paid adjuncts, lowering cost and quality.

Perverse Incentives · Personal
Aesthetic-First Fitness

Training for appearance can crowd out mobility, longevity, and mental health.

Perverse Incentives · Corporate
Aggressive Cost-Cutting

Cuts that lift margin this quarter erode product quality and brand equity over years.

Perverse Incentives · Government
Agricultural Subsidy Lock-In

Per-bushel subsidies reward overproduction of specific crops regardless of soil, market, or nutritional need.

Perverse Incentives · AI
AI Agent Liability Vacuum

Autonomous agents deployed before liability frameworks exist.

Perverse Incentives · AI
AI Productivity Mirage

Individual productivity gains hide collective output degradation.

Perverse Incentives · AI
AI-Generated Content Spam Loop

AI generates content; AI scrapes content; AI trains on its own output.

Perverse Incentives · Finance
Annual Bonus Risk

Annual bonuses reward annual results — risk that blows up in year four with damage in year seven is rational.

Perverse Incentives · Universal Pattern
Annual Performance Review

Once-a-year feedback rewards once-a-year behavior.

Perverse Incentives · Education
Attendance-as-Outcome

Seat-time accountability rewards presence over engagement.

Perverse Incentives · Finance
Audit Independence Erosion

Auditors paid by the firms they audit have predictable blind spots.

Perverse Incentives · Law
Billable-Hour Pricing

Charging by time rewards inefficiency and prolongs disputes.

Perverse Incentives · Environment
BLM Wild Horse Holding Loop

Expensive off-range storage cannibalizes funds needed for on-range management.

Perverse Incentives · Corporate
Bonus Structure Gameability

Narrowly tied bonuses get gamed; people optimize the metric, not the underlying goal.

Perverse Incentives · Finance
Bonus-Driven Window Dressing

Quarterly bonuses create end-of-quarter behavior changes.

Perverse Incentives · Corporate
Boomerang Hire Premium

Re-hires often get raises larger than internal promotions.

Perverse Incentives · Government
Bureau of Indian Affairs Trust Delays

Federal oversight intended to protect tribal assets creates friction that devalues the land.

Perverse Incentives · Social
Busyness as Status

Being visibly busy signals importance regardless of actual output.

Perverse Incentives · Government
Campaign Finance Dependency

Candidates dependent on large donors become structurally responsive to donor priorities over voter priorities.

Perverse Incentives · Universal Pattern
Campbell's Law

The more a quantitative indicator drives decisions, the more it distorts the process it measures.

Perverse Incentives · Social
Cancel Dynamics

Punitive online discourse makes nuanced disagreement personally costly.

Perverse Incentives · Environment
Carbon Credit Quality Gap

Cheap, low-quality offsets let buyers claim neutrality without reducing emissions.

Perverse Incentives · Social
Celebrity Attention Economy

Fame as a goal rewards spectacle over substance.

Perverse Incentives · Government
Census Production Quotas

High-velocity quotas for enumerators turn data collection into fiction-writing.

Perverse Incentives · Corporate
CEO Pay-for-Stock-Price

Pay tied to stock price encourages short-term price management.

Perverse Incentives · Universal Pattern
Charity Overhead Trap

Donors penalize 'overhead'; charities under-invest in capacity.

Perverse Incentives · Universal Pattern
Charity Overhead Trap (Universal)

Donors penalize 'overhead' and starve capacity that produces outcomes.

Perverse Incentives · Environment
Cheap Fossil Fuels via Externalities

Underpriced externalities keep dirty energy artificially competitive.

Perverse Incentives · Law
Civil Asset Forfeiture

Police agencies that keep seized assets gain a direct fiscal interest in seizures.

Perverse Incentives · Media
Clickbait Economics

Headlines optimized for clicks become editorial policy.

Perverse Incentives · Technology
Clickbait Headlines

CTR-driven distribution rewards misleading framing over accurate reporting.

Perverse Incentives · Environment
Climate Pledges Without Enforcement

Voluntary commitments reward PR while deferring real abatement.

Perverse Incentives · Universal Pattern
Cobra Effect

A reward designed to reduce X produces more X.

Perverse Incentives · Education
College Prestige Signaling

Employers screen by school name, rewarding admission rather than developed skill.

Perverse Incentives · Education
College Rankings

Schools optimize for ranking inputs (selectivity, spending) instead of student outcomes.

Perverse Incentives · Personal
Comfort-Seeking Defaults

Choosing the easy path repeatedly compounds into stagnation.

Perverse Incentives · Social
Comparison Culture

Curated highlight reels make ordinary lives feel insufficient.

Perverse Incentives · Law
Compliance Cost Burden

Fixed compliance costs scale punitively for small firms and entrench large ones.

Perverse Incentives · Law
Compliance Theater

Compliance programs designed to satisfy regulators, not prevent harm.

Perverse Incentives · Environment
Consumer Recycling Burden Shift

Branding recycling as personal duty shifts blame from producers of single-use packaging.

Perverse Incentives · Technology
Copyright Term Extension

Retroactive extensions privilege legacy estates over public-domain enrichment.

Perverse Incentives · Finance
Corporate Bailouts

Government rescues of failing institutions privatize gains and socialize losses.

Perverse Incentives · Law
Court Fines and Fees

Stacking fines on low-income defendants creates debt traps and recidivism.

Perverse Incentives · Technology
Creator Monetization Rules

Per-view payouts reward volume and frequency over craft and depth.

Perverse Incentives · Finance
Credit Rating Conflict

Issuers pay raters who compete for the highest ratings.

Perverse Incentives · Technology
Customs De Minimis Loophole

Tax/inspection exemptions on low-value parcels subsidize a flood of unverified imports.

Perverse Incentives · Technology
Data Monetization vs Privacy

Revenue from behavioral targeting structurally opposes user privacy.

Perverse Incentives · Social
Dating App Gamification

Endless choice and swipe loops reduce commitment and increase dissatisfaction.

Perverse Incentives · Government
Defense Use-It Research Grants

Forcing exhaustion of annual research budgets pushes agencies to fund speculative work for baseline protection.

Perverse Incentives · Law
Defensive Documentation

Decisions made to be defensible, not to be right.

Perverse Incentives · Healthcare
Defensive Medicine

Liability exposure pushes clinicians to order tests for legal protection rather than clinical need.

Perverse Incentives · Personal
Diet Culture Cycles

Short-term restriction regimes drive yo-yo cycles and worsen long-term metabolic health.

Perverse Incentives · Government
Disaster Aid Over Prevention

Generous post-disaster aid lowers the political cost of skipping preventive infrastructure investment.

Perverse Incentives · Sports
Doping Equilibrium

Once any player dopes, everyone is forced to consider it.

Perverse Incentives · Sports
Drafting for Picks, Not Wins

Bad teams 'tank' for better draft positions.

Perverse Incentives · Healthcare
Dual-Eligible Care Shifting

Federal reimbursement rules incentivize cycling seniors through hospitalizations to upgrade billing categories.

Perverse Incentives · Finance
Earnings Management

Quarterly earnings drive quarterly behavior.

Perverse Incentives · Universal Pattern
Efficiency Monoculture

Squeezing all slack from a system optimizes throughput but eliminates resilience.

Perverse Incentives · Government
EITC Error Penalty Risk

Aggressive enforcement and complex eligibility turn a safety net into a liability trap.

Perverse Incentives · Government
Election Cycle Bias

Politicians optimize for the next election, not the next generation.

Perverse Incentives · Corporate
Empire-Building M&A

CEO pay tied to size rewards deal-making even when acquisitions destroy value.

Perverse Incentives · Environment
Energy Subsidy Lock-In

Subsidies favoring incumbent technologies distort capital allocation away from emerging options.

Perverse Incentives · Media
Engagement Algorithms

Outrage outperforms accuracy on every engagement metric.

Perverse Incentives · Technology
Engagement-Maximizing Algorithms

Ranking systems trained on engagement amplify outrage, fear, and tribal content.

Perverse Incentives · Technology
Engagement-Time Paradox

Time-on-app is the wrong thing to maximize for users — but the right thing for revenue.

Perverse Incentives · AI
Engagement-Tuned LLMs

Models optimized for plausible-sounding answers can hallucinate confidently rather than say 'I don't know.'

Perverse Incentives · Environment
ESA Take-Permit Silence

Penalizing landowners for hosting endangered species turns biological assets into liabilities.

Perverse Incentives · Government
Essential Air Service Subsidies

Subsidized rural flight frequency forces fuel-burning empty flights to secure annual payouts.

Perverse Incentives · Personal
External Validation Loop

Outsourcing self-worth to audiences corrodes intrinsic direction.

Perverse Incentives · Environment
Federal Crop Insurance Sprawl

Decoupling production risk from financial loss rewards conversion of fragile landscapes.

Perverse Incentives · Government
Federal Flood Map Politics

Subsidizing coastal living and freezing flood maps treats catastrophic risk as a public liability.

Perverse Incentives · Government
Federal Highway Matching Trap

Federal funds subsidize new lanes while states absorb perpetual maintenance.

Perverse Incentives · Universal Pattern
Federal Land Exchange Inflation

'Equal value' exchanges incentivize subjective appraisal gaming to trade low-utility land for high-value public assets.

Perverse Incentives · Law
Federal Prison Industries Mandate

Mandatory federal sourcing from prison factories crowds out small business and entrenches inefficient production.

Perverse Incentives · Healthcare
Fee-for-Service Healthcare

Paying providers per procedure rewards more procedures, not better outcomes.

Perverse Incentives · Finance
Fee-Only Asset Management

Percentage-of-AUM fees reward gathering assets regardless of net performance.

Perverse Incentives · Government
FEMA Repetitive-Loss Loop

Federal policy forces homeowners to rebuild doomed structures while waiting on mitigation buyouts.

Perverse Incentives · Government
FERC Rate-of-Return Incentive

Tying utility profit to capital spent penalizes cheaper non-wire efficiency solutions.

Perverse Incentives · Environment
Fishing Quota Race

Use-it-or-lose-it allocations push fleets to fish hard before quotas tighten.

Perverse Incentives · Government
Florida Catastrophe Fund Risk Masking

Cut-rate state reinsurance lets insurers expand coverage in storm-prone zones, socializing the risk.

Perverse Incentives · Corporate
Forecast Sandbagging

Sales forecasts under-set to ensure attainment bonus.

Perverse Incentives · Government
Foreign Aid Dependency

Recurring aid flows can entrench recipient governments and crowd out domestic capacity-building.

Perverse Incentives · Education
Gainful-Employment Major Steering

Tying institutional survival to graduate salaries forces schools to drop social-service programs.

Perverse Incentives · Personal
Goal Fixation

Outcome-only goals undervalue the process that compounds into mastery.

Perverse Incentives · Universal Pattern
Goodhart's Law

When a measure becomes a target, it ceases to be a good measure.

Perverse Incentives · Education
GPA Optimization

Grade-driven admissions reward strategic course-picking over intellectual risk.

Perverse Incentives · Education
Grade Inflation

Professors rewarded by student evaluations have an incentive to inflate.

Perverse Incentives · Education
Graduation Rate Metric

Schools judged on completion rates have an incentive to pass underprepared students.

Perverse Incentives · Corporate
Growth at All Costs

Capital tied to growth rates funds unsustainable scaling and unit-economics denial.

Perverse Incentives · AI
Hallucination as Engagement

Confident incorrect outputs may rank higher than hedged correct ones.

Perverse Incentives · Corporate
Headcount as Status

Managers measured by team size grow teams beyond need.

Perverse Incentives · Education
Homework Volume Signal

More homework signals rigor to parents but often produces burnout, not understanding.

Perverse Incentives · Healthcare
Hospital Occupancy Targets

Systems paid per filled bed have weak incentives to invest in prevention or community health.

Perverse Incentives · Social
HUD Section 8 Concentration

Region-average rent subsidies inadvertently fund consolidation of poverty into resource-poor cores.

Perverse Incentives · Social
Hustle Culture Glorification

Celebrating overwork normalizes burnout and crowds out rest, family, and craft.

Perverse Incentives · Universal Pattern
Hyper-Specialization Drift

Deep specialization improves local output but breaks cross-domain understanding.

Perverse Incentives · Social
Identity-Coded Politics

Tribal identity markers reward in-group loyalty over coalition-building.

Perverse Incentives · Technology
Infinite Scroll Trap

Removing natural stopping cues turns intentional use into compulsive use.

Perverse Incentives · Media
Influencer Authenticity Inversion

Authenticity becomes a performance the moment it becomes a paycheck.

Perverse Incentives · Corporate
Innovation Award Distortion

Awards reward visible novelty; quiet excellence goes unrecognized.

Perverse Incentives · Corporate
Innovation Theater

Innovation programs designed to signal innovation, not to produce it.

Perverse Incentives · Healthcare
Insurance Billing Complexity

Opaque billing rules create lucrative work for administrators and revenue-cycle firms instead of care.

Perverse Incentives · Healthcare
Insurance Claim Friction

Insurers profit when claims are denied, delayed, or abandoned.

Perverse Incentives · Corporate
Internal Transfer Friction

Managers hoard talent; cross-team mobility dies.

Perverse Incentives · Corporate
KPI Overload

Dashboards full of targets crowd out judgment and reward measurable proxies over real value.

Perverse Incentives · Corporate
Layoffs to Boost Stock

Headcount cuts pop short-term margin but collapse morale, institutional knowledge, and execution.

Perverse Incentives · Social
Like and Follower Counts

Public metrics tie self-worth to engagement, training behavior toward what performs.

Perverse Incentives · Law
Litigation Economics

Contingency-fee structures shape which cases get filed.

Perverse Incentives · Universal Pattern
Local-Optimum Optimization

Greedy improvement loops climb hills that aren't the highest hill.

Perverse Incentives · Personal
Loyalty Program Consumption

Status tiers and points push consumption beyond actual need.

Perverse Incentives · Law
Mandatory Minimum Sentences

Fixed sentencing rules remove judicial discretion and inflate incarceration without reducing crime.

Perverse Incentives · Healthcare
Medical Device Pricing

Hospital group-purchasing and opaque contracting inflate device costs far above marginal cost.

Perverse Incentives · Universal Pattern
Misaligned Incentive Culture

When rewards don't match stated values, culture quietly decays toward what is rewarded.

Perverse Incentives · Universal Pattern
Moral Hazard

Insulation from risk changes the risks people take.

Perverse Incentives · Finance
Mortgage Origination Pre-2008

Originators paid on volume, not on default rates.

Perverse Incentives · Corporate
Mortgaging the Future

Today's metrics achieved by quietly borrowing from tomorrow.

Perverse Incentives · Personal
Multitasking Illusion

Context-switching feels productive but cuts effective output and quality.

Perverse Incentives · Social
News Negativity Bias

Audience attention rewards alarming framings, distorting perception of risk.

Perverse Incentives · Universal Pattern
No-Feedback Loops

Systems with weak corrective feedback drift unchecked into failure modes.

Perverse Incentives · Technology
Notification Inflation

Notifications calibrated for return visits, not value.

Perverse Incentives · Education
NSF Conservative-Research Bias

Grant cycles favor safe, incremental work over high-risk breakthroughs.

Perverse Incentives · Universal Pattern
OKR Inflation

When OKRs are tied to comp, ambition disappears.

Perverse Incentives · Corporate
Open Office Productivity Paradox

Designed for collaboration; produces measurable productivity decline.

Perverse Incentives · Healthcare
Opioid Prescription Incentives

Sales bonuses and prescriber relationships fueled mass over-prescription and an addiction crisis.

Perverse Incentives · Healthcare
Orphan Drug Monopoly Extension

Federal incentives meant for neglected diseases get used to privatize widely available medicines.

Perverse Incentives · Universal Pattern
Outcome-Only Evaluation

Judging only results ignores ethics of process and rewards shortcuts that look like wins.

Perverse Incentives · Corporate
Outsourcing Without Oversight

Lower headline cost masks coordination failures, IP leakage, and quality erosion.

Perverse Incentives · Technology
Patent Office Fee Dependency

USPTO budget tied to grant fees encourages permissive examination.

Perverse Incentives · Personal
Perfectionism as Avoidance

Standards untethered from shipping cause paralysis and avoidance.

Perverse Incentives · Healthcare
Pharma Patent Cliff

Drug companies optimize for high-margin chronic conditions, not cures.

Perverse Incentives · Healthcare
Physician Reimbursement

Specialists earn more for procedures than primary care for prevention.

Perverse Incentives · Environment
Plastic Externality Shift

Producers internalize profit while waste, microplastics, and cleanup are public costs.

Perverse Incentives · Technology
Platform Growth Metrics

DAU/MAU goals override product safety and wellbeing investments.

Perverse Incentives · Law
Plea Bargain Pressure

Trial penalties pressure even innocent defendants to plead guilty to avoid risk.

Perverse Incentives · Government
Police Quotas

Departments set ticket/arrest quotas as performance metrics, rewarding officers for volume rather than safety.

Perverse Incentives · Corporate
Politburo Reporting

Subordinates report what leaders want to hear, not what's true.

Perverse Incentives · Government
Pork Barrel Allocation

Legislators rewarded for delivering local benefits financed by national costs.

Perverse Incentives · Government
Pork Barrel Politics

Legislators rewarded for delivering local benefits financed by national costs.

Perverse Incentives · Finance
Pre-2008 Mortgage Origination

Originators paid on volume, not on default rates, fueled the subprime collapse.

Perverse Incentives · Universal Pattern
Principal-Agent Problem

Agents act in their own interest, not the principal's.

Perverse Incentives · Healthcare
Prior-Authorization Rules

Insurer approval workflows delay or deny care to lower medical-loss ratios.

Perverse Incentives · Law
Prison Funding Formulas

Per-inmate funding makes incarceration a budgetary asset for jurisdictions and contractors.

Perverse Incentives · Government
Procurement Race to the Bottom

Lowest-bid procurement produces lowest-quality outcomes.

Perverse Incentives · Social
Productivity-Hack Culture

Optimizing tools and systems can become a sophisticated form of avoiding hard work.

Perverse Incentives · Corporate
Promote-to-Lose Trap

Promoting your best individual contributor to manager loses you both.

Perverse Incentives · Corporate
Promotion Inflation in Title Economies

Titles substitute for raises; senior titles inflate, value doesn't.

Perverse Incentives · Law
Public Defender Overload

Caseloads far above professional norms guarantee weak defense for the poor.

Perverse Incentives · Technology
Push Notification Inflation

Notification systems hijack attention by manufacturing urgency for trivial events.

Perverse Incentives · Corporate
Quarterly Earnings Culture

90-day reporting windows shape multi-year strategies.

Perverse Incentives · Corporate
Quarterly Earnings Pressure

Public companies optimize for 90-day numbers, starving long-horizon investment.

Perverse Incentives · Education
Ranking Game Inflation

Universities optimize for ranking metrics rather than education quality.

Perverse Incentives · Environment
Reactive Conservation Funding

Money flows after ecosystems collapse, not to protect them in advance.

Perverse Incentives · AI
Recommender System Radicalization

Recommenders optimizing engagement produce radicalization as a byproduct.

Perverse Incentives · Government
Regulatory Capture

Agencies meant to regulate an industry get captured by it.

Perverse Incentives · Universal Pattern
Reporting Incentive Drift

When budgets follow self-reported numbers, the numbers drift toward what funders want to see.

Perverse Incentives · Universal Pattern
Risk Avoidance Equilibrium

Punishing failure more than rewarding success kills the conditions for innovation.

Perverse Incentives · Corporate
RTO Optics Theater

Return-to-office mandated for visibility, not productivity.

Perverse Incentives · Corporate
RTO Optics Theater (Extended)

Visible presence stands in for measurable productivity.

Perverse Incentives · Corporate
Sales Commissions Misalignment

Volume-based pay incentivizes upselling and mis-selling at the customer's expense.

Perverse Incentives · Corporate
SBA Size Standard Growth Trap

Fixed thresholds for small business set-asides create incentives to remain sub-scale.

Perverse Incentives · Corporate
SBIR Mill Mentality

Federal focus on technical milestones over commercial outcomes creates 'professional applicants.'

Perverse Incentives · Universal Pattern
Scale-Only Incentives

Scaling rewards push systems past the point where they can hold human nuance.

Perverse Incentives · Social
School Lunch Calorie Floor

Funding rules force districts to add sugary sides to hit caloric minimums.

Perverse Incentives · Law
Settlement-Driven Litigation

Confidential settlements buy silence and prevent precedent that would deter future harm.

Perverse Incentives · Corporate
Severance Asymmetry

Executives leave well; employees leave thin.

Perverse Incentives · Finance
Share Buybacks Over Reinvestment

EPS-targeted comp incentivizes buybacks even when reinvestment yields more.

Perverse Incentives · Healthcare
Sick Care Economics

Profit pools concentrate around treating chronic illness, not preventing it.

Perverse Incentives · Government
Speed Limit Quota

Police evaluated on ticket counts produce more tickets, not safer roads.

Perverse Incentives · Government
Speed Trap Revenue

Municipal budgets dependent on traffic citations shape enforcement away from danger spots.

Perverse Incentives · Environment
Sprawl-Friendly Land Use

Zoning, parking minimums, and road funding subsidize low-density car dependence.

Perverse Incentives · Corporate
Stack Ranking

Forced curve performance management produces internal sabotage.

Perverse Incentives · Corporate
Stack-Rank Calibration Drift

Manager calibration produces predictable distortions over years.

Perverse Incentives · Education
Standardized Testing Monoculture

A single test format constrains pedagogy and disadvantages diverse learners.

Perverse Incentives · Law
Statutory Complexity

Dense legal codes advantage well-resourced insiders who can navigate them.

Perverse Incentives · Education
Student Loan Availability

Easy federal lending lets colleges raise tuition without market discipline.

Perverse Incentives · Technology
Subscription Trap Pricing

Easy to start, hard to leave.

Perverse Incentives · Government
Super PAC Dark Money

Unlimited anonymous donations flow through 501(c)(4) shells into elections.

Perverse Incentives · Healthcare
Surprise Out-of-Network Billing

Patients visit in-network hospitals but get billed by out-of-network doctors staffing them.

Perverse Incentives · Corporate
Survivorship-Driven Best Practices

Strategy copied from survivors ignores identical strategies that died.

Perverse Incentives · Government
TANF Diversionary Payments

Block-grant structure transforms poverty reduction into revenue generation by excluding the needy.

Perverse Incentives · Education
Teaching to the Test

Schools evaluated on test scores teach to the test.

Perverse Incentives · Education
Tenure Stagnation

Lifetime appointments protect academic freedom but can dampen experimentation in teaching.

Perverse Incentives · Environment
Texas Aquifer Pump-Until-Dry

Rule of capture rewards extraction before competitors do.

Perverse Incentives · Personal
Time-Tracking Theater

Granular tracking can optimize busy work while real priorities go untouched.

Perverse Incentives · Sports
Trophy Inflation

Coaches paid on titles take more risk; coaches paid on attendance take less.

Perverse Incentives · Universal Pattern
Two-Tier Compensation Quiet Quitting

New hires paid more than tenure; tenure responds rationally.

Perverse Incentives · Government
Underpriced Agricultural Water

Below-cost water rights drive overuse in arid agricultural regions.

Perverse Incentives · Government
Use-Based Infrastructure Funding

Funding tied to traffic counts rewards expansion over unglamorous maintenance.

Perverse Incentives · Government
Use-It-or-Lose-It Budgeting

Annual appropriations force agencies to spend before fiscal year-end or lose future budget baseline.

Perverse Incentives · Government
USPS Pre-Funding Mandate

Mandating pre-funding of unborn retirees' health benefits engineered artificial insolvency.

Perverse Incentives · Healthcare
VA Days-to-Appointment Metric

Optimizing for queue length over diagnosis depth turns clinicians into ticket-closers.

Perverse Incentives · Corporate
Vanity Metrics

Metrics that look good without indicating business value.

Perverse Incentives · Technology
Virality Reward Loops

Reach incentives push creators toward extreme positions and shock content.

Perverse Incentives · Government
Voter Apathy as Equilibrium

Concentrated benefits + diffused costs = the few win against the many.

Perverse Incentives · Universal Pattern
War Budget Persistence

Annual defense appropriations grow with active conflict, giving institutions a stake in prolonging it.

Perverse Incentives · Government
Welfare Cliffs

Means-tested benefits that drop sharply at income thresholds penalize recipients for earning more.

Perverse Incentives · Government
Welfare Stigma Take-Up Gap

Benefits structured with stigma reduce take-up among eligible recipients.

Perverse Incentives · Universal Pattern
Whistleblower Cost

Reporting wrongdoing is personally costly; staying silent is personally rational.