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The Incentives Lab
HBT-COG-0618 · Dimension COG · Cognition

Simpson's Paradox

A trend appears in different groups but disappears or reverses when groups are combined.

Probability·Mental Model·Grade B·draft· enriching…

Scientific Definition

A trend appears in different groups but disappears or reverses when groups are combined.

Plain-English Definition

A trend appears in different groups but disappears or reverses when groups are combined.

Feynman Explanation

The aggregate can lie about the parts. The parts can lie about the aggregate.

Core Principle

A trend appears in different groups but disappears or reverses when groups are combined.

Mechanisms

Psychological

Pending editorial review.

Behavioral Economic

A trend appears in different groups but disappears or reverses when groups are combined.

Neurological

Pending editorial review.

Evolutionary

Pending editorial review.

Sociological

Pending editorial review.

Computational

Pending editorial review.

Systems

Aggregated metrics can hide important subgroup effects.

Inputs (Triggers)

Pending editorial review.

Outputs (Behaviors)

Pending editorial review.

Behavioral Signature

The aggregate can lie about the parts. The parts can lie about the aggregate.

Examples

Everyday
  • A treatment helps men and women separately but appears harmful overall.
Modern (Organizational)
  • Aggregated metrics can hide important subgroup effects.
Historical

Pending editorial review.

Famous Experiments

Pending editorial review.

Design Principles

  • Analyze data at multiple levels of aggregation.

Measurement Approaches

Pending editorial review.

Evidence

Evidence Grade
B (A strongest → E speculative)
Replication
★★★☆☆
Intervention Confidence
3 / 5
Consensus
Pending editorial review (HBT v1.0 auto-seed).
Limitations
Pending editorial review (HBT v1.0 auto-seed).
Open Research Questions

Pending editorial review.

Primary References

Pending editorial review.

Signature Section

The Perverse Incentive Lens™

How this behavior is exploited — and how to redesign around it.

Exploitation
Aggregated metrics can hide important subgroup effects.
Amplifying Incentives
Aggregated metrics can hide important subgroup effects.
Org Failure Modes
Aggregated metrics can hide important subgroup effects.
Societal Failure Modes
Pending editorial review (HBT v1.0 auto-seed).
Ethical Considerations
Pending editorial review (HBT v1.0 auto-seed).
Redesign Strategies
Analyze data at multiple levels of aggregation.
Diagnostic Questions
  • Analyze data at multiple levels of aggregation.
Warning Signs

Pending editorial review.

Red Flags

Pending editorial review.

Intervention Playbook
Individual
Analyze data at multiple levels of aggregation.
Team
Pending editorial review (HBT v1.0 auto-seed).
Organization
Pending editorial review (HBT v1.0 auto-seed).
Policy
Pending editorial review (HBT v1.0 auto-seed).
AI Implications
Detection
Pending editorial review (HBT v1.0 auto-seed).
Measurement
Pending editorial review (HBT v1.0 auto-seed).
Mitigation
Pending editorial review (HBT v1.0 auto-seed).
Responsible Use
Pending editorial review (HBT v1.0 auto-seed).

Interactive Mini Network

Click any neighbor to re-center the graph and follow the threads of connection.

HBT-COG-0618 · COG
Simpson's Paradox
SPBRBase Rate FallacyBRBayes' Rule (Updating)BTBayes' TheoremBUBayesian UpdatingBLBeginner's LuckBSBlack SwanCoCoincidenceDiDistributionsErErgodicityFEFermi Estimate

Knowledge Graph Neighbors

Version History

v1.1.0 · 2026-06-28Initial auto-seed from corpus.