Scientific Definition
Confident outputs that are factually wrong.
Plain-English Definition
Confident outputs that are factually wrong.
Feynman Explanation
Confidence and accuracy are different variables. Models can max either.
Core Principle
Confident outputs that are factually wrong.
Mechanisms
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Inputs (Triggers)
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Outputs (Behaviors)
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Behavioral Signature
Confidence and accuracy are different variables. Models can max either.
Examples
- LLMs inventing citations, case law, or factual claims.
- Major source of enterprise AI risk.
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Famous Experiments
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Design Principles
- Retrieval grounding. Citation requirements. User training.
Measurement Approaches
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Evidence
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The Perverse Incentive Lens™
How this behavior is exploited — and how to redesign around it.
- Retrieval grounding. Citation requirements. User training.
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Interactive Mini Network
Click any neighbor to re-center the graph and follow the threads of connection.
Knowledge Graph Neighbors
Auto-linked to the rest of the Human Behavior Taxonomy by family, domain, dimension, and shared keywords.
Treating AI as more humanlike than it is.
Reduced vigilance with automated systems.
Quantifying uncertainty in model outputs.
Matching trust in a system to its actual reliability.
Written rules about how AI may be used internally.
Innovators → early adopters → majority → laggards, AI-specific.
AI system that takes actions to achieve goals, often across tools.
When the agent acts, who's responsible?
Augmentation strategy vs. substitution strategy.
Logging of AI inputs, outputs, and decisions.
Inventory of models, data, tools, and dependencies in an AI system.
Tracing AI components for risk and compliance.