MOT · Motivation · 1985
Self-Determination Theory
by Deci & Ryan
Intrinsic motivation requires autonomy, competence, and relatedness.
Summary
SDT distinguishes intrinsic motivation (doing something because it is inherently interesting) from extrinsic motivation (doing it for separable consequences). Three universal needs—autonomy, competence, and relatedness—drive sustained engagement. Controlling extrinsic rewards can *undermine* intrinsic motivation (the over-justification effect).
For designers
Audit every incentive against ACR: does it give people choice, evidence of growing skill, and a sense of belonging? If a reward replaces a freely chosen behavior with a contingent one, expect engagement to collapse when the reward is withdrawn.
Components
Autonomy
Acting from one's own values and interests.
Competence
Feeling effective in producing desired outcomes.
Relatedness
Feeling connected and cared for by others.
Amotivation
No intent to act; lacking value, competence, or expectation.
External regulation
Behavior driven purely by rewards/punishments.
Introjected regulation
Acting from internalized pressure or guilt.
Identified regulation
Valuing the behavior personally.
Integrated regulation
Behavior consistent with one's broader identity.
Cross-dimensional couplings
Sources
- Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior.